Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
End Notes
1 Fossil fuel companies, auto industry, many oil producing nations, and a variety of right wing think tanks.
The leading journalist covering this is Ross Gelbspan. In 1995, he was briefly fooled by dishonest work from “global warming skeptics” Pat Michaels, S. Fred Singer and Richard Lindzen; when a look at the actual science showed him he had been lied to, he was angry enough to write the book “The Heat is On” to expose both their junk science, and the cranks and liars behind it He has probably been the leading journalist exposing the carbon lobby since then, and has essentially given up the rest of his career to focus fulltime on the global warming and the carbon lobby.
Ross Gelbspan, The Heat Is on: The Climate Crisis, the Cover-Up, the Prescription (New York: Perseus Book Group,1997). (Still an excellent source for history of the Carbon Lobby.)
Ross Gelbspan, Boiling Point: How Politicians, Big Oil and Coal, Journalists and Activists Have Fueled the Climate Crisis - and What We Can Do to Avert Disaster (New York: Perseus Book Group - Basic Books, 2004). (Focuses more on his view of solution – but also brings Carbon Lobby history up to date.)
Ross Gelbspan, "Snowed,". Mother Jones May/Jun 2005, The Foundation for National Progress,
1 0/Jun/2005 <http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/snowed.html>. (Part of excellent May 2005 issue ofMotherJones, which contains a good survey of the current state of the Carbon Lobby.)
Another good source for current state of the Carbon Lobby is the Union of Concerned Scientists. Union of Concerned Scientists, Global Warming - Skeptic Organizations. 2005, Union of Concerned Scientists, 30/Sep/2005 <http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/skeptic-organizations.html>.
To find out more about individual organizations, I recommend Source Watch published online by The Center For Media and Democracy. You will that along with groups devoted primarily to global warming denial, much Carbon Lobby funding goes to general right wing groups that include it as one activity among many.
Center for Media and Democracy, Source Watch - Source Watch. SourceWatch Applies It's Standards to Itself- Reveals Own Funding Just as It Does Others, 2005, Center for Media and Democracy, 10/Jun/2005 <http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=SourceWatch>.
2Just about every public opinion survey by respectable sources shows about 75% of the public convinced that global warming is a real and serious problem, and about 25% convinced of the opposite or uncertain.
The Gallup poll for March 2005 shows nearly 80% of the population now believes human caused global warming is real.
Gallup Poll, Environment: The Gallup Poll March 7-10 2005. 0 1/07 2005, The Polling Report, 02/07/2005 <<http://www.pollingreport.com/enviro.htm>>.
A series of public opinion polls regarding global warming compiled by the highly regarded Program on International Policy Attitudes:
"The Reality and Urgency of Global Warming," Americans & the World, Program on International Policy Attitudes - Jointly Established by the Center on Policy Attitudes (COPA) and the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM), School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland, 20/03 2005, 0 1/01/2005 <http://www.americans-world.org/digest/global_issues/global_warming/gw1.cfm>.
Page 164 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
These include the following:
In September 2002, 74% said they "believe the theory that increased carbon dioxide and other gases released into the atmosphere will, if unchecked, lead to global warming and an increase in average temperatures" “Majorities Continue to Believe in Global Warming and Support Kyoto Treaty”, The Harris Poll, Harris Interactive #56 , October-23-2002 <http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=335> ((January 2, 2005)
- -In March 2001, 64% said they "believe that emissions of gases like carbon dioxide are causing global temperature increases"; 23% did not (Time/CNN).
- -In an August 2000 Harris poll, 72% said they "believe[d] the theory" of global warming, while 20% said they did not--up from December 1997 when in response to the same question 67% said they believed it and 21% said they did not.
- -In a July 1999 NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, only 11% took the position that "concern about global climate change is unwarranted."
- -In a September 1998 Wirthlin poll, 74% embraced the belief that "global warming is real" even when the belief was defined in terms of global warming having "catastrophic consequences," while just 22% said they did not believe in it.
- -An October 1997 Ohio State University survey asked about "the idea that the world's temperature may have been going up slowly over the last 100 years" and found that 77% thought "this has probably been happening," while 20% thought "it probably hasn't been happening." Likewise, 74% thought the world's average temperature would go up in the future, while 22% thought it would not.
The Pew Research Center for People and the Press, Americans Support Action on Global Warming: Progress Seen On AIDS, Jobs, Crime and the Deficit. 21/111997, 02/07/2005 <http://peoplepress.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=1 00>.
3Jennifer O’Connor, Survey on Actual Service Lives for North American Buildings, Oct 2004). Sep 2004. Presented at Woodframe Housing Durability and Disaster Issues Conference, 16/Jun/2006 <http://www.northernrockies.org/Departments/Fire/Wood_Buildings/Wood%2520Buildings%2520Service _Life_E.pdf>.
A good indicator is that the Australian government thinks that most Australian homes (which have to meet tougher standards than U.S. ones do) have a lifespan of around 50 years.
Chris Reardon, Your Home Technical Manual - Design for Lifestyle and the Future - 3.0 Materials Use Introduction. 1/Mar/2004, Commonwealth of Australia/Joint Initiative of the Australian Government and the Design and Construction Industries, 9/Jan/2005
<http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs30.htm>.
4 The Old House Web, Schedule of Normal Life. 1995, 1/Jan/2005 <http://www.oldhouseweb.net/stories/Detailed/267.shtml>.
5Hawkins, Dominique M., Saving Wood Windows. 24/Sep 2004, State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Parks & Forestry Natural & Historic Resources Historic Preservation Ofice, 2/Jan/2005 <http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/4sustain/windowsave.pdf>.
6The Minnesota Green Affordable Housing Guide, published by University of Minnesota College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture cites a 25 year lifespan
Page 165 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
Regents of the University of Minnesota, The Minnesota Green Afordable Housing Guide - Components: Cladding (Siding), 30/June 2004, 2004 Regents of the University of Minnesota, 09/Jan/2005 <http://www.greenhousing.umn.edu/comp_cladding.html>.
So does the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Historical Commission
Carol DiNinno and Ann Lattinville, "Technical Assistance Tips: Vinyl Siding,". Preservation Advocate, no. Spring 2003 (2003), Commonwealth of Massachusetts Historical Commission, 06/Jul/2005 <http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/mhcpdf/pasp03.pdf>. P5.
Jim Cory, "Siding Replacement",Remodeling Magazine, no. November 2002 November 2002: 2002 Cost vs. Value Report, Hanley Wood, 1 0/Mar/2004
<http://www.remodeling.hw.net/pages/remodelingonline/Story.nsp? story_id=1 000027503 &ID=newsreal& scategory=Computers&type=break>.
Note that many “authoritative” sources give longer, life spans, based upon exaggerated manufacturers claims, rather than real life experience. For instance, one of the sources most commonly cited for lifespans is the September 2002, Baseline Measures for Improving Housing Durability, published by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Robert E. Chapman and Christine A. Izzo, Baseline Measures for Improving Housing Durability, NISTIR 6870. September 2002. US. Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology Building and Fire Research Laboratory/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Ofice of Policy Development and Research, 06/Jul/2005 <http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build02/PDF/b02 1 59.pdf>.
If you look at footnote 26 at the bottom of page 38 of that article, it turns out that average (as opposed to minimum) lifetimes are based on “Life Expectancy of Housing Components” published by Ahluwalia, Gopal, and Angela Shackford. in the August 1993 Housing Economics pp. 5-9 – based on surveys of manufacturers, trade industry associations and researchers. Given that at least two thirds of the sources would tend to be biased towards optimism, I would expect lifespans from such a source to be wildly exaggerated. Let’s test this by focusing in on one example – vinyl siding.
The 50 year average estimated lifespan for vinyl siding is widely cited. The Housing Economics is not the sole source of course. The Vinyl Institute promotes this figure as much as possible. But does it make sense compared to environmental and remodeling sources?
Most vinyl siding offers a 50+ year warranty. That appears devastating until you look at what kind of warranty is offered. Many of the warranties are prorated. Those that are not usually have a kicker: they are invalidated or become prorated when the home is sold. Because most people do not stay in the same house for 25 year, the vast majority of these warranties will expose the seller to no significant liability past after a couple of decade. (I know there are exceptions. But, looking at it from the point of view of how much money a warranty will cost the issuer, the exceptions are not significant.
Let’s look at one vinyl siding warranty (http://www.mastic.com/warrantyvs.asp) a warranty for Mastic Vinyl Siding from Alcoa, downloaded February 2, 2005 – one that advertises itself as non-pro-rated, transferable. That sounds good – except that as soon as it is transferred it becomes very heavily prorated indeed.
For a second owner, by the time 14 years have passed the warranty covers only 20% of the original cost of the siding. Bear in mind that decently installed, well maintained vinyl siding will last 25-30 years. So imagine every most (non-original owners have problems and try to collect on the warranty 20 years from now. That means the manufacturer will have to pay out 20% of siding sales price in 20 years. But having to pay a dollar twenty years from now does not cost the same as having to pay it now. Using a discount rate of 6.5% that 20% 20 years from now is worth only 3.5% of the current sales dollar. In other words, the manufacturer (knowing that most homes will be occupied by a second (or third or fourth owner)) needs only add 3.5% to the selling price to cover the cost of this 50 year warranty. Actually that is overstating; in
Page 166 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
practice by the time the home has passed through a number of hands, a lot of people won’t even think of checking to see whether there is a warranty out on siding 20+ years old. What about siding that goes bad sooner? Well remember this particular warranty hits that 20% mark after 14 years. Even badly installed and maintained siding tends to last for 15. But if the siding was improperly installed or poorly maintained that invalidates the warranty in any case. In other words offering a 50 year warranty under those particular terms is a worthwhile investment in marketing terms, even if the siding does not in fact last 50 years. So the existence of such a warranty does not tell you very much.
Also by the time the manufacturers face a significant number of people trying to collect on the warranty, whoever made the recommendation to offer it will be working for a different company or retired.
Fundamentally vinyl (as it is normally installed) just is not sturdy enough to last more than 30 years in the conditions house siding normally faces. It becomes brittle with age, and also brittle in extremely cold (and sometimes in extremely hot) weather. You can harmlessly bounce a hammer off newly installed vinyl siding; try it ten years later and you will shatter your vinyl. The same thing is true in really cold weather. Hit vinyl siding with a snow-blower or lawnmower and it won’t hold up very well. As it grows older, you can damage vinyl siding by leaning a ladder against it to repair a roof or a window. Top quality vinyl siding, perfectly installed and maintained might well last fifty years or longer. But that is not the average case – especially the perfect installation and maintenance.
7Robin Suttell, "Intelligent and Integrated Buildings: Technologies and Current Market Conditions Break Down Conventional Barriers,". Buildings Magazine November 2002, Statmats Business Media, 5/Jan/2005 <http://www.buildings.com/Articles/detail.asp?ArticleID=1 095>.
8OUS Capital Construction, The Oregon University System Sustainable Renewal Program for Failing Assets. 19/Jul 2004, 02/Jan/2005 <<http://www.ous.edu/board/dockets/ddoc0407 16-DM.pdf>>.
9 . Engelbert Westkämper, director of the Institute of Manufacturing and Factory Operation at the University of Stuttgart says "... A factory building normally lasts 30 years, but it doesn't stay the same for 30 years. Machines and systems have an average life span often years; in some cases only five years..."
"Prof. Engelbert Westkämper, 56, is a leading expert in the field of manufacturing engineering. Since 1995 he has served as Director of the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Engineering and Automation in Stuttgart, Germany and as Director of the Institute of Manufacturing and Factory Operation at the University of Stuttgart. A mechanical engineer, Westkämper also has a hands-on industrial background, including positions as Manager of Manufacturing Engineering and Technology at MBB in Munich and as Manager of Production Engineering at AEG in Frankfurt. He was also responsible for manufacturing technology at Airbus in Hamburg and Bremen.
"Visualizing Tomorrow's Industrial Environments: Interview with Engelbert Westkämper,". Siemens Webzine, no. Pictures of the Future - Fall 2002 (2002), Siemen, 02/Jan/2005 <http://w4.siemens.de/FuI/en/archiv/pof/heft2_02/artikel08/>.
The OECD gives the average service life for capital equipment (weighted by value) as 15 years - not the same as in the U.S., but indicative.
Paul Schreyer, Capital Stocks, Capital Services, and Multi-Factor Prodductivity Measures. Economic Studies, Draft. 3/Nov 2003, OECD Statistics Directorate, 3/Jan/2005 <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/46/29877839.pdf>. P10.
According to the Deutsche Bundesbank , U.S. capital equipment generally lasted about 25 years in 1987, and the rate of depreciation has risen drastically every one of the 18 years that followed (meaning lifespan has fallen).
Page 167 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
Ulf von Kalckreuth and Jurgen Schröder, Monetary Transmission in the New Economy: Service Life of Capital, Transmission Channels and the Speed ofAdjustment, Discussion Paper 16/02. 16/June 2002, Economic Research Centre of the Deutsche Bundesbank,p2, 03/Jan/2005 <http://www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/dkp/2002/2002 1 6dkp.pdf>.
Some U.S. economists calculate an average 5.9% depreciation rate for U.S. physical capital, which is consistent with a 20 year lifespan:
M. Ishaq Nadiri and Ingmar R. Prucha, "Estimation of the Depreciation Rate of Physical and R&D Capital in the U.S. Total Manufacturing Sector,". Economic Inquiry XXXIV January 1996: 43-56, Western Economic Association International, 03/Jan/2005 <http://www.econ.nyu.edu/user/nadiri/pub86.PDF>.
10Region 2 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Life Cycle of Old Computers - Problem Continued. 15/October 2002, U.S. EPA, 3/July/2005 <http://www.epa.gov/region02/r3/problem.htm>.
11 “The generally accepted standard for the normal effective lifespan of a coke oven is 25 to 30 years.”
Office Technology Assessment, "Technology and Raw Materials Problems - Chapter 7," Technology and Steel Indus try Competitiveness, June 1980), NTIS Order #PB80-208200. 1996, 223. Ofice Technology Ass essment, Princeton University, 02/Jan/2005 <http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgibin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk3/1 980/8019/801 909.PDF>.
12American Society Civil Engineers, ASCE Report Card for America’s Future: 2003 Progress Report And Update to the 2001 Progress Report. September 2003, 1, ASCE, 1 0/Jan/2005 <http://www.asce.org/reportcard/pdf/fullreport03.pdf>.
The EPA sponsored a study that focused on water infrastructure, and concluded the ASCE was too generous.
American Water Works Service Co. Inc. Engineering Department, Deteriorating Buried Infrastructure Management Challenges and Strategies. May 2002. Environmental Protection Agency, 10/Jan/2005 <http://www.epa.gov/safewater/tcr/pdf/infrastructure.pdf>.
13S. Lu, VEHICLE SUR VIVABILITYAND TRA VEL MILEAGE SCHEDULES, DOT HS 809 952. Jan 2006, : NHTSA’s National Center for Statistics and Analysis NCSA,
1 2/Jan/2007 <http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/Rpts/2006/809952.pdf>.
Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles, How to Buy a Used Car. 21/May 2004, 3/July/2005 <http://www.hsmv.state.fl.us/dmv/usedcar.html>.
14Freightline Custom Chassis, Commericial Bus Chassis: Frequently Asked Questions. 03/Jan/2005 <http://www.freightlinerchassis.com/cb_default.asp?page=cb_faqs&nav=mb>.
2nd source:
Research and Special Programs Administration John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Transit Security Design Considerations: Final Report. November 2004, 7-8. Federal Transit Authority of the U.S. Department of Transportation, 05/Jul/2005
<http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/security/SecurityInitiatives/DesignConsiderations/CD/ftasesc.pdf>.
15 We have to combine two figures here, average number of miles traveled annually by heavy trucks, and engine life in miles. The Department of Transportation suggests that heavy trucks average 47,022 miles annually in the U.S.
Page 168 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
Stacey C. Davis and Susan W. Diegel, TRANSPORTATION ENERGYDATA BOOK: - Edition 23, ORNL-697(Edition 23 of ORNL-5 198). October 2003, Chapter 5: Heavy Vehicles and Characteristics, Page 5-7, Table 5-Truck Statistics by Size - 1997. Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy Ofice of Planning, Budget Formulation and Analysis Energy Eficiency and Renewable Energy, 24/Feb/2003 <http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb23/Full_Doc_TEDB23.pdf>.
The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory suggest that a heavy truck, on average, needs a major overhaul at between 400,000 and one million miles. (A truck that is used a lot, but run at a low mileage, spending a lot of time idling or in stop and go traffic, or turning around in narrow streets and parking lots will wear out in a lot fewer miles, so the range makes sense.) Therefore if we assume that million miles, divide the 47,022 miles traveled annually into it and calculate a 21 year life span, we are projecting an optimistic length of time between major overhauls for an “average” heavy truck.
PNNL, "Need For Transportation Technologies Heads Into Overdrive,". PNNL Breakthroughs Magazine: Science, Technology, Innovation Fall 2002, Pacific Northwest National U.S. Department of Energy Multiprogram National Laboratory - Richland WA, 3/Jan/2005 <http://www.pnl.gov/breakthroughs/fall02/special.stm>.
16"When Should Part-Life Engines Be Built?" Engine Yearbook 2005. 2005. Aviation Industry Press Ltd., London, 1 1/Jan/2005 <http://www.aviation‑
industry.com/atem/newpages/eyb2003pdfs/E2005_TES.pdf>.P30.
17 "Commercial Aero-Engine MRO Outlook - a New Dawn?" Engine Yearbook 2005. 2005. Aviation Industry Press Ltd, 1 1/Jan/2005 <http://www.aviationindustry.com/atem/newpages/eyb2003pdfs/E2005_aerostrat.pdf>.p4.
18Charles River Associates for Diesel Technology Forum, Diesel Technology and the American Economy, Report D02378-00. October 2000, 12/Jan/2005 <http://www.dieselforum.org/enews/downloads/DTFEconomic-Study.PDF>. p2.
For rail transport in general the same figure seems to be 12 years (ibid 14:Volpe above)
19 “Locomotive engines are expected to last for at least 40 years, which places greater emphasis on durability. This low turnover rate also limits the penetration rate of new technologies; however, locomotives undergo many overhauls, providing opportunities for modifications throughout their lives.”
Frank Stodolsky, Railroad and Locomotive Technology Roadmap, ANL/ESD/02-6. December 2002. Center for Transportation Research, Energy Systems Division - Argonne National Laboratory, 1 1/Jan/2005 <http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/RR/261 .pdf>.p1 3.
20Yes, this is a press release – a press release boasting about an extraordinary example of product life – with no claim that it represents typical results. The estimate is likely to be high rather than low; and higher numbers are less favorable to the case we are making.
Torben Klingenberg, Press Release: Headingfor 30 000 Operating Hours with HFO GenSets. October 2003. MANB&WDiesel A/S, 1 7/Jan/2005
<http://www.manbw.com/files/news/filesof3003/CP_ships_pr_nov.pdf>.
21As previously noted, the following press release is more likely to give a high than a low lifespan estimate.
Vesa Tompuri, "Wärtsilä’s New Medium-Speed Diesel Engine Has the Lowest Emissions on the Market," WATTSON: Wärtsilä’s Investor Magazine. 2004. Sanoma Magazines Custom Publishing Division for
Page 169 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
Wärtsilä Corporation, 1 3/Jan/2005 <http://www.wartsila.com/Wartsila/docs/en/investors/English_lowres.pdf>.p1 3.
2nd source: a 1999 study was pessimistic about reducing greenhouse gas emissions in ships, because they have lifespans of 20 years or more.
Bronson Consulting Group CPCS Transcom Ltd. for Marine Sub-Group of the Transportation Table on Climate Change, Marine Summary:Transportation &Climate Change : Assessment of Opportunities to Reduce GHG Emissions in the Marine Transportation Industry. July 1999, 1 8/Nov/2003 <http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environment/climatechange/subgroups1/marine/Exec_Summary/English/M arine.htm>.
22"..Only one percent of total material flow ends up in, and is still being used within, products six months after their sale..."
Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and L.Hunter Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown and Company/Back Bay, 2000). p81. Page citations are to the Back Bay paperback edition. Along with Barry Commoner, Amory Lovins is one of the key popularizers of the idea that increased efficiency and more use of renewables could supply most of our energy.
23 Friedrich Bio Schmidt-Bleek, "Energy," Factor 10 Man ifesto, Jan 2000). May 2000. Factor 10 Institute, 2/Feb/2004 <http://www.factor10-institute. org/pdf/F1 0Manif.pdf>.p5.
24David Malin Roodman and Nicholas Lens sen, Worldwatch Paper #124: A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns Are Transforming Construction. Single Page Summary of Book, March 1995, Worldwatch Institute, 22/Aug/2005 <http://www.worldwatch.org/pubs/paper/124>. (note one page summary, not entire 67 page paper)
25 California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture, Nader Khalili. Jan 2004, California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture, 23/Aug/2005 <http://www.calearth.org/khalili.htm>.
26California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture, CalEarth Forum. July 2005, California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture, 23/Aug/2005 <http://www.calearth.org/>.
27Ernst von Weizsacker, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, Factor Four - Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use - The New Report to the Club of Rome (London: Earthscan, 1997).
Wayne Trusty and Jamie Meil, The Environmental Implications of Building New Versus Renovating an Existing Structure. Jan 2001. ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute, 23/Aug/2005 <http://www.athenasmi.ca/papers/down_papers/SB2000_paper.pdf>.
28Ernst von Weizsacker, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, Factor Four - Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use - The New Report to the Club of Rome (London: Earthscan, 1997).
Wayne Trusty and Jamie Meil, The Environmental Implications of Building New Versus Renovating an Existing Structure. Jan 2001. ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute, 23/Aug/2005 <http://www.athenasmi.ca/papers/down_papers/SB2000_paper.pdf>.
29Amazon Nails, Information Guide to Straw Bale Building for Self-Builders and the Construction Industry, 2001). 2003. Amazon Nails, 23/Dec/2003 <http://www.strawbalefutures.org.uk/pdf/strawbaleguide.pdf>.p2.
30Canadian Architect, "Measures of Sustainability - Embodied Energy," Measures of Sustainability, 2002, Canadian Architect, 02/Feb/2003
Page 170 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
<http://www.cdnarchitect.com/asf/perspectives_sustainibility/measures_of_sustainablity/measures_of_sust ainablity_embodied.htm>.
31 Amazon Nails, Information Guide to Straw Bale Building for Self-Builders and the Construction Industry, 2001). 2003. Amazon Nails, 23/Dec/2003 <http://www.strawbalefutures.org.uk/pdf/strawbaleguide.pdf>.p2.
324, "Wheat-Straw Particleboard,". Environmental Building News, no. 6 Nov/Dec 1995: Product Review, BuildingGreen.Com, 23/Aug/2005
<http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm?fileName=040608a.xml>.
33 International Bamboo Foundation, Bamboo Technologies | About Bamboo. 15/May 2004, International Bamboo Foundation, 26/Oct/2005 <http://www.bambootechnologies.com/allabout.htm>.
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) | Bamboo and Rattan Facts. 2005, International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, 26/Oct/2 005 <http://www.inbar.int/facts.htm>.
International Fund for Agricultural Development, Agricultural Research Grants | Programme for Development and Difusion of Technologies for Smallholder Bamboo- and Rattan-Based Producers – Phase I. 2005, International Fund for Agricultural Development, 26/Oct/2005 <http://www.ifad.org/grants/tags/518.htm>.
34 United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS National Database Reports and Topics -Arundinaria Gigantea. 22/Aug 2005, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service < http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=ARGI>.
35 David Linvill, Frank Linton, and Michael Hotchkiss, Growing Bamboo in Georgia. 9/May 2001, Cooperative Extension Service - The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 23/Aug/2005 <http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/horticulture/GrowingBamboo.htm>.
Carol A. Miles, Chuhe Chen, and Tamera Flores, Washington State University Bamboo Research Report 2000 - On-Farm Bamboo Production in the Pacific Northwest, 2000). May 2001. Extension Agricultural Systems Program, Washington State University Research and Extension Center, 23/Aug/2005 <http://agsyst.wsu.edu/BambooReport2000.pdf>.
36Kevin K. C. Cheung, Multi-Storey, Multi-Family Wood-Frame Construction in the USA, 27/Sep/2000). International Conference on the Seismic Performance of Traditional Buildings:Istanbul, Turkey, Nov.16-18, 2000. 15/Nov 2001. International Council on Monuments and Sites: International Wood Committee, 23/Aug/2005 <http://www.icomos.org/iiwc/seismic/Cheung-K.pdf>.
37Laura Soullière Harrison, "National Park Service: Architecture in the Parks (Old Faithful Inn)," Architecture in the Parks: Excerpts from a National Historic Landmark Theme Study, Nov 1986). 26/Feb 2001. National Park Service - Department of the Interior, 23/Aug/2005 <http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/harrison/harrison3.htm>.
Chateau at the Oregon Caves, Oregon Caves Outfitters - An In-Depth Description of the Chateau. 2003, Chateau at the Oregon Caves, 23/Aug/2005
<http://www.oregoncavesoutfitters.com/AbouttheChateau.asp>.
38Jamie Meil et al., CORRIM: Phase I Final Report - Module J: Environmental Impacts of a Single Family Building Shell - From Harvest to Construction (Review Draft). 23/Aug 2004. Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM), 23/Aug/2005 <http://www.corrim.org/reports/final_report_2004/Module%2520J_%2520August%252023.pdf>.
Page 171 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
39Ann Edminster and Sami Yassa, Eficient Wood Use in Residential Construction: A Practical Guide to Saving Wood, Money, and Forests, 1998). Natural Resources Defense Council, 1 9/Feb/2006 <http://www.nrdc.org/cities/building/rwoodus.asp>.
40Zongjin Li, Ding.Zhu, and Yunsheng Zhang, Development of Sustainable Cementitious Materials. International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology: Beijing, May 20–21, 2004. 25/Mar 2004, 23/Aug/2005 <http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/sustainable/lisustainable.pdf>.p57.
41Siloxo Pty Ltd, Siloxo -Melbourne Australia. Siloxo -Products and Services, 15/Aug 2003, Siloxo Pty Ltd, 1 8/Aug/2004 <http://www.siloxo.com/products.htm>.
42Rastra Found., What is RASTRA®. 16/Mar 2005, Rastra Found., 4/Sep/2005 <http://rastra.net/rastracom/web-site/wi_ra.htm>.
43 Rastra Found., What is RASTRA®. 16/Mar 2005, Rastra Found., 4/Sep/2005 <http://rastra.net/rastracom/web-site/wi_ra.htm>.pp1-2.
44 Wooden pagodas the height of small skyscrapers have been documented historically.
China Internet Information Center, "Introduction," China Through a Lens, 25/Sep 2002, China Internet Information Center - Authorized Government Portal Site to China, 4/Sep/2005 < http://www.china.org.cn/english/TR-e/43461 .htm>.
Edwin Karmiol,Mysteries of Japanese Pagodas Unlocked. 17/Aug 2002, Asia Times, 4/Sep/2005 <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/DH17Dh01.html>.
Bamboo is used as scaffolding in building skyscrapers today.
Mark Landler, "Foreign Desk: Hong Kong Journal; For Raising Skyscrapers, Bamboo Does Nicely (Abstract),". NY Times, no. Late Edition - Final 27/Mar 2002: Section A, Page 4, Column 3, 23/Aug/2005 <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB09 1 7F9385F0C748EDDAA0894DA404482>.
Now there was one huge problem with traditional pagodas. While they were sturdy, and wonderfully insect and earthquake resistant, when exposed to fire they went up like, well, tinder. Fortunately, today there are all sorts of fire barriers you can wrap wood in. In point of fact, protected wood, guarded by a multi-hour graded fire barrier can be more fire safe than steel - because wood does not have the huge thermal conductivity steel has; it simply does not have the capability of growing as hot. How far beyond seven stories wood (and possibly bamboo construction) can grow safely is hard to guess. But seven stories is probably not the limit.
45Michelle Clark Hucal, "Recycled Roofing,". Environmental Design and Construction, no. Cool Roofing - May 2003 Supplement 1/May 2003, BNP Media, 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.edcmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,4120,97795,00.html >.
46 Ibid 22 “Chapter 7, Muda, Service and Flow” pp.139-141.
47Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Material Intensity of Materials, Fuels, Transport Services, Version 2;28. 10.2003. May 2004. Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.wupperinst.org/Projekte/mipsonline/download/MIT_v2.pdf>.p3(clay),p8(cement).
American Clay Enterprises, American Clay Finishes™ Clay Veneer Plaster Product Specifications. 18/Dec 2003. American Clay Enterprises, 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.americanclay.com/pdfs/ProductSpecs.pdf>.
Page 172 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
Athena Swentzell Steen and Bill Steen, Artistry in Clay & Lime. 3/Jun 2005, The Canelo Project, 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.caneloproject.com/pages/workshops/clayartistry.html>.
48Michael Clar, Buckeye Development, LLC - Pembrook Woods Low Impact Development. Feb 2000, Buckeye Development, LLC, 5/Sep/2005
<http://www.buckeyedevelopment.net/lowimpactdevelopment.htm>.
49U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing, Afordability and Value Through Housing Technology Program and Services Guide. 20/Jun 2002. U.S. Department of Ho using and Urban Development Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing, 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.huduser.org/publications/pdf/guidetoserv.pdf>.p3.
50The Aluminum Association, Inc., Aluminum Association | Climate Change. 2004, Environment and Climate Change - Conservation, Preservation, and Recycling, The Aluminum Association, Inc., 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.aluminum.org/Content/NavigationMenu/The_Industry/Government_Policy/Climate_Change/ Climate_Change.htm>.
51 Alex Wilson, "Insulation Materials: Environmental Comparisons,". Environmental Building News 4, no. 1 Jan/Feb 1995, BuildingGreen.Com, 5/Sep/2005
<http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm?fileName=0401 01 a.xml>.
More recent data from the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology suggests essentially the same thing.
Barbara C. Lippiatt, BEES 2.0 -Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability Technical Manual and User Guide, Jun/2000). June 2000. Office of Applied Economics, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 5/Sep/2005 <http://museum.nist.gov/exhibits/timeline/PDF/BEES.PDF>.pp 62,65.
A contractor for the EPA analyzed the same BEES database and came to the opposite conclusion: United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Framework for Responsible Environmental Decision Making (FRED): Using Life Cycle Assessment to Evaluate Preferability of Products, Oct 2000), EPA/600/R-00/095. June 2001. United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.lcacenter.org/library/pdf/fred.pdf>.pB- 5.
Their conclusion does not seem to match the data. Where BEES database, as added up in manual site shows cellulose requiring about one fifth the energy input (for manufacturing and raw materials combined) as fiberglass, the FRED example shows cellulose requiring more than 20 times the energy per kilogram. Since this varies from every other analysis ever done to be believed it would have to more specific as to where the difference came from.
For example the Minnesota Building Database shows about one tenth the global warming impact for cellulose as fiberglass
University of Minnesota College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Center for Sustainable Building Research, "Minnesota Building Materials Database - Generic Fiberglass Batt," Minnesota Building Materials Database, 26/May 2004, University of Minnesota College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Center for Sustainable Building Research, 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.buildingmaterials.umn.edu/072 1 1_batt_bees.html>.
University of Minnesota College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Center for Sustainable Building Research, "Minnesota Building Materials Database - Blown Cellulose," Minnesota Building Materials Database, 26/May 2004, University of Minnesota College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Center for Sustainable Building Research, 5/Sep/2005 <http://www.buildingmaterials.umn.edu/07210_blown_bees.html>.
Page 173 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
52 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)., "Food Balance Sheet," FAOSTAT Online Database 2004. Commodity Balances Database - Production. Aug 2004, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)., 10/Sep/2005 <http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/servlet/XteServlet3?OutputLanguage=english&Areas=ALL&Items=2901 &Y ears=2001 &Years=2000&Domain=FBS&ItemTypes=FBS&language=EN&Codes=ShowCodes>.
53Economic Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, ERS/USDA Briefing Room - Global Food Security: Questions and Answers. 11/May 2005, Economic Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, 10/Sep/2005 <http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/GlobalFoodSecurity/questions/>.
54Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Dietary Reference Intakes: Macronutrients. May 2005, National Academy of Sciences, 10/Sep/2005 <http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/300/0.pdf>.p4.
55 U.S. Census Bureau, "World Population: Total Midyear Population," Intenational Data Base, 30/April 2004, U.S. Census Bureau, 25/May/2004 <http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldpop.html>.
56Brian Halweil, "Can Organic Farming Feed Us All?". World Watch Magazine 19, no. 3 May/Jun 2006The Organic Center, Worldwatch Institute, Jan-03-2007 <http://www.organiccenter.org/reportfiles/EP1 93A.Halweil.pdf>.
57 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)., FAOSTAT Online Database 2004 - Crops Primary. Aug 2004, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)., 10/Sep/2005 <http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/servlet/XteServlet3?Areas=23 1 &Items=%3E1 7 14&Elements=3 1 &Years=20 00&Format=Table&Xaxis=Countries&Yaxis=Items&Aggregate=&Calculate=&Domain=SUA&ItemType s=Production.Crops.Primary&language=EN>.
U.S. Grain harvest in 2000 in hectares equal 58,497,083
U.S. agricultural harvest from cropland in 2000 equals 136,057,883 So ~43% of total cropland harvested in 2000 was grain.
World Resources Institute, "Meat Consumption: Grain Fed to Livestock as a Percent of Total Grain Consumed," EarthTrends Environmental Portal - Environmental Information Database, 2004, World Resources Institute, 10/Sep/2005 <http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/results.cfm?years=1 999-2000,2000-2001,2001-2002,2002-2003,2003 -2004&variable_ID=348&theme=8&cID=1 90&ccID=0>. From 60% to 65% of U.S. grain is fed to animals,
So around 27% of U.S. cropland used to grow food for animals
58 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)., FAOSTAT Online Database 2003 - Crops Primary. Aug 2004, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)., 10/Sep/2005 <http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/servlet/XteServlet3?Areas=862&Items=%3E1 7 14&Elements=3 1 &Years=20 00&Format=Table&Xaxis=Years&Yaxis=Countries&Aggregate=&Calculate=&Domain=SUA&ItemType s=Production.Crops.Primary&language=EN>.
Total Crops Worldwide 2000 (Ha) 1,348,840,594
Total Crops World Wide Grain (Ha) 674,247,980
So ~50% of harvested primary crop acreage used for grain in 2000
World Resources Institute, "Meat Consumption: Grain Fed to Livestock as a Percent of Total Grain Consumed," EarthTrends Environmental Portal - Environmental Information Database, 2004, World Resources Institute, 10/Sep/2005 <http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/results.cfm?years=1 999-2000,2000-2001,2001-2002,2002-2003,2003 -2004&variable_ID=348&theme=8&cID=1 90&ccID=0>. Around 37% of grain crops worldwide fed to animals.
~37% of~50%=~18.5% of total cropland worldwide used to grow grain for animals.
59Joel Salatin, a grass-fed beef pioneer and author makes the point from a stockman's viewpoint:
Page 174 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
Roughly speaking, land that will produce 100 bushel-per-acre corn, will produce 400 cow-day[s] forage (one cow day is what one cow will eat in one day--cow-days are to graziers what inches are to carpenters and board-feet are to lumberjacks). If 100 bushels (average 60 pounds per bushel, weight 6,000 pounds), that will produce about 857 pounds of beef.
At 400 cow-days we can carry 600 stocker calves (400-800 lb.) gaining at least 1.5 pounds per day, yielding 900 lbs. (600 X1.5 = 900) of beefper acre.
….... The point is to move the stock to mimic grazing patterns of native herbivores…
... Under good controlled grazing, we allow the grass to recuperate through its "blaze of growth" period before being regrazed… …By keeping 98% of the farm at rest and in the fast growth period, not letting the forage get grazed too early or too late after growth slows down, we can see tremendous increases in forage growth…
…. Most parasites lose strength dramatically after being denied a host for three weeks. Since most paddock shifts occur at least three weeks apart…, this depletes parasite virility and reduces the need for wormers..
.... Because the animals lounge in diferentpaddocks every day, they spread their manure more evenly over the pasture…
Joel Salatin, "Joel Salatin Introduces Livestock Grazing... 'Salad Bar Beef,". Acres USA - A Voice for Eco-Agriculture March 1 996Eco-Friendly Foods, 10/Sep/2005 <http://www.ecofriendly.com/index.cfm?section=4&page=20>.
60Cutler J. Cleveland and Charles A. S. Hall, "Climate Change Human Driving Forces, Biophysical Basis, and Likely Impacts," Climate Change - Socioeconomic Dimensions and Consequences ofMitigation, ed. Pentti Vartia, 2000). Oct 1999. Fortum, Boston Univerisity, 11/Sep/2005 <http://www.bu.edu/cees/research/workingp/pdfs/991 0.pdf>.p9.
61Jimmy Henning et al., Rotational Grazing, 2000), ID-143. 2000. Cooperative Extension Service - University of Kentucky, Department ofAgriculture, 13/Sep/2005 <http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id143/id143.pdf>.
State of Illinois Department of Agriculture IIllinois Sustainable Agriculture Committee, "S/A 98-18 Sustainable Beef Production - Management Intensive Grazing Vs Corn Silage Program for Beef Stocker Calves.," Sustainable Agriculture Grant Review Committee C2000 Sustainable Agriculture Grant Projects - ON-FARM RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION. Oct 2001. State of Illinois Department ofAgriculture Illinois Sustainable Agriculture Committee, State of Illinois Department of Agriculture IIllinois Sustainable Agriculture Committee, 13/Sep/2005
<http://www.agr.state.il.us/C2000/fy00/FY00Report.pdf>.pp6-1 7
(*Note: total beef production over the three year period was about one third the per acre production from corn.. However this was an experimental program grazing basically two forages - alfalfa /orchard grass during warm weather, and small grain cereal rye during cool. A more experienced grazer with a wider variety of forages could expect better results - especially if drough resistant varieties were used. Also the cattle tested were largely bred as feedlot animals. Forage animals in pasture compared to feedlot breeds on grain would be a better test. However, even with the lower production per acre, cost per pound of beef, and especially labor per pound of beef was lower with grass raised.)
Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems of the University of Wisconsin's College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, CIAS: Management Intensive Rotational Grazing's Sense. .and Dollars. April 1996, Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems of the University of Wisconsin's College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13/Sep/2005
Page 175 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
<http://www.cias.wisc.edu/archives/2000/01/04/dairy_grazing_can_provide_good_financial_return/index.p hp>.
(The milk per acre is slightly lower, but labor costs are MUCH lower, as are feed costs and capital costs. So even with no price premium the farmer would make higher profits.)
Also, Ibid 59
62Richard Cowan, "U.S. Group Blasts Creekstone Mad Cow Testing Plan,". Reuters Via Forbes.Com 19/Apr 2004, Forbes, 14/May/2004
<http://www.forbes.com/markets/newswire/2004/04/19/rtr1 336959.html>.
63Donald Lobb, "No-Till Success Hinges on Developing a Complete Crop Production 'System,'". Sustainable Farming, no. Winter 94 (1 994)Ecological Agriculture Projects, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Resource Efficient Agricultural Production - Canada (REAP-CANADA), 17/Sep/2005 <http://www.eap.mcgill.ca/MagRack/SF/Winter%2094%20I.htm>.
64Sara Wright, Glomalin: A Manageable Soil Glue. 2004, USDA Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, 26/May/2004 <http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/sasl/research/glomalin/brochure.pdf>.
65Preston Sullivan, Conservation Tillage, Jul-2003). Appropriate Technology Transfer For Rural Areas. Aug 2003. National Center for Appropriate Technology, 26/May/2004 <http://attra.ncat.org/attrapub/PDF/consertill.pdf>.Pp2-3.
Corliss Karasov, "No-Till Farming on Comeback Trail,". Environmental Health Perspectives 110, no. 2 Feb 2002, 1/Jun/2004 <http://www.greennature.com/article833.html>.
66Laura Sayre, "New Farm Research: Cover Crop Roller," The New Farm, 20/Nov 2003, The Rodale Institute, 7/May/2005 <http://www.newfarm.org/depts/NFfield_trials/1 1 03/notillroller.shtml>.
67Emma Marris, "Black is the New Green,". Nature 442, no. 10 Aug 2006, Charcoal Sequestering Carbon in Soil, Nature Publishing Group, Jan-03-2007
<http://www.bestenergies.com/downloads/naturemag_200604.pdf>.
68Greg Gunthorp and Lei Gunthorp, Grassfarmer. Com - PASTURED PIGS ON THE GUNTHORP FARM. 24/Feb 2004, American Farmland Trust, 1 3/Sep/2005 <http://grassfarmer.com/pigs/gun1.html>.
Sustainable Agriculture Network, Profitable Pork: Strategies for Hog Producers. Livestock Alternatives. Jul 2003. Sustainable Agriculture Network, Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, 3 1/May/2004 <http://www.sare.org/publications/hogs/profpork.pdf>.
69Roger Segelken (ED), "U.S. Could Feed 800 Million People with Grain That Livestock Eat, Cornell Ecologist Advises Animal Scientists," Conrnell University Science News, 7/Aug 1997, Cornell University, 1 3/Sep/2005 <http://www.news.cornell.edu/science/Aug97/livestock.hrs.html>.
70Hempopotamus, All About Hemp. 2004, Industrial Hemp, Hempopotamus, 22/Jun/2004 <http://www.hemphouse.com/docs/hempinfo.html>.
71John Jeavons, "Cultivating Our Garden: Biointensive Farming Uses Less Water, Land, Machinery, and Fertilizer - and More Human Labor,". In Context, no. 42/Fall 1995 - A Good Harvest (1995), Context Institute, 1 7/Sep/2005 <http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC42/Jeavons.htm>.p34.
Page 176 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
72 United States Environmental Protection Agency, How We Use Water In These United States. 1 8/March 2003, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 06/Jul/2005 <http://www.epa.gov/watrhome/you/chap1.html>.
73Micro- irrigation system (drip + sprinkler) about 5.7% of total irrigated acreage
Various gravity forms (at 50%) are about 43.9% of total irrigated acreage
Other sprinklers irrigate about 5 1.2% of total irrigated acreage
United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Department, 2003 Farm & Ranch Irrigation Survey (2002 Census ofAgriculture| Volume 3, Special Studies, Part 1). Nov 2004. United States Department ofAgriculture National Agricultural Statistics Department, 28/Oct/2005 <http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/fris/fris03.pdf>.p8.
Table 4. Land Irrigated by Method of Water Distribution: 2003 and 1998
Micro irrigation systems average around 82.5% irrigation efficiency Gravity irrigation systems average around 50% irrigation efficiency Other sprinkler average around 70% irrigation efficiency
Michael D. Dukes, Types and Eficiency of Florida Irrigation Systems, (Note: Data Used Was from National Sources). Dec 2002. University of Florida - Agricultural and Biological Engineering Dept, 28/Oct/2005
<http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~mdukes/publications/Types_and_Efficiency_of_Florida_Irrigation_Systems.pdf >..p8.
So applying the efficiency numbers from the second source to the acreage in the first, we can calculate that current average irrigation efficiency is around 62%. If that average efficiency was upgrade to micro-irrigation levels we would reduce water use for irrigation nationally by an average of one third.
74I. Broner, Irrigation: Tailwater Recovery for Surface Irrigation. Crop Series, 4.709. 1998. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, 17/Sep/2005 <http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/04709.PDF>.
75Pacific Northwest Pollution Prevention Resource Center, "Topical Reports -Energy and Water Efficiency for Semiconductor Manufacturing," Pollution Prevention (P2) Pays - N.C. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance, Feb 2000, Pacific Northwest Pollution Prevention Resource Center, 17/Sep/2005 <http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03271/>.
76Hidetoshi Wakamatsu, Akira Mayuzumi, and Norio Tanaka, "Effective Utilization Technology for Ultra Purewater, Chemical Liquids and Waste Materials on Semiconductor Manufacturing Plant,". OKI Technical Review 68, no. 188: Special Edition on the Environment Dec 2001, Oki Industry Co. Ltd - Environment Division, 23/May/2004 <http://www.oki.com/en/otr/downloads/otr- 1 88-06.pdf>.pp23 – 27.
77 Stanford University News Service, Can Computer Chip Makers Reduce Environmental Impact? 5/Jun 1996, Stanford University News Service, 4/Jun/2004 <
http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/96/960605 chipsenvir.html>.
78Eric Williams, "Energy Intensity of Computer Manufacturing: Hybrid Assessment Combining Process and Economic Input-Output Methods,". Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 22 1 5/Nov 2004, American Chemical Society, 18/Sep/2005 <http://www.itenvironment.org/publications/hybrid%20PC%20LCA%20abstract.pdf or full version(paid) http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/esthag/2004/38/i22/pdf/es035 1 52j .pdf>.pp6 166 – 6174.
79EECO - A Transico Company, EECO-Greenä SIL VER -THROUGH-HOLE DOUBLE-SIDED PRINTED CIRCUITBOARDS PRODUCT OVER VIEW DESIGN CONSIDERA TIONS FAQ’s. Dec 2003, EECO - A Transico Company, 22/May/2004 <http://www.eecoswitch.com/PDF%20Files/STH%20FAQs.PDF>.
Page 177 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
80Sumitomo Bakelite Co. Ltd., Products That Provide Environmental Solutions. Jan 2004. Sumitomo Bakelite Co. Ltd., 4/Jun/2004 <http://www.sumibe.co.jp/english/kankyou/pdf/rc2003_E06.pdf>.
81 Jonathan G. Overly, Lori E. Kincaid, and Jack R. Geibig, "Chapter 3: LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT," Desktop Computer Displays: A Life-Cycle Assessment, EPA-744-R-01 -004a. Dec 2001. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 8/Mar/2005 <http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/compdic/lca/Ch3.pdf>.pp3-30.
Table 3-10. Baseline life-cycle impact category indicators
82Sharp Corporation, Sharp Environmental Report 2002, April 2001 - March 2002. December 2002. Sharp Corporation, 20/Mar/2005 <http://sharp-world.com/corporate/eco/report/2002pdf/report_2002.pdf>.p9.
83Richard T. Carson and Nadja Marinova, Running on Air, Sep-1999). Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation IGCC Policy Briefs, ISSN 1089-8352 Policy Brief Number 13. 2 1/Feb 2005. Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC), 1 8/Mar/2005
<http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1088&context=igcc>.
84Keirsten Scanlon, Poison PCs and Toxic TVs:California's Biggest Environmental Crisis That You've Never Heard of. Jun 2001. Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition; Cal ifornians Against Waste; Materials for the Future, 6/Jun/2004 <http://www.cawrecycles.org/Ewaste/PPCs%20and%20TTVs/ppc-ttv.pdf>.
Citing: the Electronic Product Recovery and Recycling Baseline Report, published in May, 1999 by the US National Safety Council
85Friedrich Bio Schmidt-B leek, MIPSBOOK or The Fossil Makers -Factor 10 and More, ed. Reuben(Trans) Deumling, 1994), ISBN 3-7643-2959-9. Birkhäuser: Basel, Boston, Berlin, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, Energy, 3/Aug/2004 < http://prog2000.casaccia.enea.it/nuovo/documenti/427.doc>.
86 "Steel Producers Target Canned Foods,". Packaging World Magazine July 1 995Packaging World Magazine Online, Summit Publishing, 9/Jun/2004 < http://www.packworld.com/articles/Features/1064.html>.
Note: this is an article favoring steel cans over foil packs for coffee. I analyzed information from this article so as to make to make sure I was not being over-optimistic. So again I repeat - this is information from steel can makers - people who favor steel cans over foil packs.
Modern steel cans for coffee weigh 17 pounds vs. 3 pounds for a steel brick. This is still an 80%+ reduction.
Here are the invalid arguments:
1) The most popular can quantity is 13 pounds not 17 pounds. Right, but a 13 pound can holds fewer servings than a 3 pound brick. A 17 pound can remains the correct comparison. If you insist on using 13 pound cans as a comparison then you have to take a fraction of the weight of a second 13 pound can and allocate it - which would result in a less favorable result for steel than a single 17 pound can.
2) The second argument is one from recycling. About 64% of steel cans are recycled, whereas foil pack currently are not. The problem with this is that recycling a steel can does not cut its impact in half. It would not even if the steel cans were simple rinsed out and had a new lid put on them. But in fact that is not how steel cans are recycled. They are melted down and used as sources to make new steel from. That new steel does have about 1/2 the material intensity of steel from raw ore, but then the energy and impacts of shaping the steel and making the cans are about the same. So long as the foil pack is not recycled we end up with about a 65% reduction - still significant. However we are not looking just at current practices, but at what practices we need to adapt. So we could theoretically recycle close to 100% of steel cans (those cans being used in households to hold nails and such making up for those not recycled). So that ends up as only a 60% reduction using foil wrap - still better than coffee cans. But if
Page 178 of 265
Cooling It: No Hair Shirt Solutions to Global Warmingby Gar W. Lipow GarLpublic AT Comcast DOT net
we are looking at this, it is not impossible to recycle this kind of wrap. If you reduce the variety of plastic, using only one metal and one plastic, as we shall see later on it is possible to separate out the metal and plastic. Or you can use the combination to make plastic lumber. So if you recycle both you end up with an 80% net reduction again.
87Association of Cities and Regions for Recycling, Good Practices Guide on Waste Plastics Recycling: A Guide by and For Local and Regional Authorities - 2004, ed. Jean-Pierre Hannequart. Feb 2004. Association of Cities and Regions for Recycling, 10/May/2005 <http://www.ecvm.org/img/db/ACRRReport.pdf>.p83.
88Azom.com Pty Ltd, Aluminium Packaging (Focus on Europe). 2002, Azom.Com Pty Ltd, 9/Jun/2004 <http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1 396#_Advantages_of_Aluminium>.
89Environment and Plastics Industry Council (EPIC), Plastics and Source Reduction. Sep 2001. Environment and Plastics Industry Council (EPIC), 9/Jun/2004 < http://www.cpia.ca/epic/docs/factsheets/Source%20Reduction.PDF>.
90Flexible Packaging Association, Examples of Source Reduction. Flexible Packaging Association, 9/Jun/2004 <http://www.flexpack.org/enviro/09srexamples.htm>.
91Envirowise, Retail Supply Chain Distributes Cost Savings from Improved Packaging - A Case Study from the Book Industry. Envirowise Case Studies, CS332. Mar 2002. Envirowise, 14/May/2004 <http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/envirowisev3.nsf/0/EAE528C70CD5852480256CE5004C7095/$File/CS3 32.pdf>.
92Envirowise, Packaging Rethink Boosts Profits: A Good Practice Case Study At Harman Pro Audio Manufacturing. Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme, GC275 Final Results. Oct 2000. Envirowise, 14/May/2004 <
http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/envirowisev3.nsf/0/1 7A68 1225D041DE080256CE5004C7 1EC/$File/GC27 5.pdf>.
93Figures for 1999, but without packaging, and with a total for 1998(not 1999) that excludes building paper: Peter J. Ince and Irene Durbak, "Pulpwood Supply and D